Python is a high-level, interpreted programming language known for its readability and versatility. It combines object-oriented, functional, and procedural programming paradigms with a clean syntax structure.

Basic Syntax Elements

Indentation Rules

Python uses whitespace indentation to define code blocks instead of curly braces:

if x > 5:
    print("Greater than 5")
    y = x * 2

Note: The number of spaces must be consistant within each block.

Comenting Code

Single-line comments use #:

# Calculate total price
total = price * quantity

Multi-line comments use triple quotes:

"""
This function calculates
the area of a rectangle
given width and height
"""

Operators Overview

Data Types

Python has several built-in data types:

• Immutable: int, float, bool, str, tuple
• Mutable: list, dict, set

Type checking examples:

num = 42
print(type(num))  # Output: <class>
print(isinstance(num, int))  # Output: True</class>

Variable Declaration

Variables are created when first assigned:

counter = 0
message = "Hello"
is_valid = True

Naming rules:

• Start with letter or underscore
• Contain letters, numbers, underscores
• Case-sensitive

Control Flow Structures

Conditional Statements

if temperature > 30:
    print("Hot day")
elif temperature > 20:
    print("Warm day")
else:
    print("Cool day")

Loop Constructs

While loop example:

count = 0
while count < 5:
    print(count)
    count += 1

For loop example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)

Loop Control Statements

# Break example
for num in range(10):
    if num == 5:
        break
    print(num)

# Continue example
for num in range(10):
    if num % 2 == 0:
        continue
    print(num)

The pass statemant acts as a placeholder:

def empty_function():
    pass