Operators and Operands

An operator is a symbol that performs an action on one or more values. In the expression 7 + 3, the numbers 7 and 3 are operands, while + is the operator.

Arithmetic Operators

x, y = 14, 3
print("add:", x + y)        # 17
print("sub:", x - y)        # 11
print("mul:", x * y)        # 42
print("truediv:", x / y)    # 4.666...
print("floordiv:", x // y)  # 4
print("mod:", x % y)        # 2
print("pow:", x ** y)       # 2744

Comparison (Relational) Operators

a, b = 21, 10
tests = [
    a == b,
    a != b,
    a < b,
    a > b,
    a <= b,
    b >= a
]
for res in tests:
    print(res)
# False True False True False True

Assignment and Compound Assignment

total = 10
total += 5      # 15
total *= 2      # 30
total //= 3     # 10
total **= 2     # 100

# Walrus operator
if (n := len("hello")) > 3:
    print(n)    # 5

Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators treat integers as binary strings.

a, b = 0b111100, 0b001101
print("AND:", bin(a & b))
print("OR :", bin(a | b))
print("XOR:", bin(a ^ b))
print("NOT:", bin(~a & 0xFF))  # mask to 8 bits
print("SHL:", bin(a << 2))
print("SHR:", bin(a >> 2))

Logical Operators

flag1, flag2 = True, False
print(flag1 and flag2)  # False
print(flag1 or flag2)   # True
print(not flag1)        # False

Membership Operators

• in — 3 in [1, 2, 3] → True
• not in — 4 not in [1, 2, 3] → True

nums = {2, 4, 6}
print(4 in nums)      # True
print(3 not in nums)  # True

Identity Operators

• is — same object identity
• is not — different object identity

lst1 = [1, 2]
lst2 = lst1
lst3 = lst1.copy()
print(lst1 is lst2)   # True
print(lst1 is lst3)   # False
print(lst1 == lst3)   # True (value equality)

Operator Precedence (highest → lowest)

1. () [] {} — grouping, subscripts, dict/set literals
2. ** — exponentiation (right-to-left)
3. +x -x ~x — unary plus/minus, bitwise NOT
4. * / // % — multiplication, division, modulo
5. + - — addiiton, subtraction
6. << >> — bit shifts
7. & — bitwice AND
8. ^ — bitwise XOR
9. | — bitwise OR
10. in not in is is not < <= > >= != == — comparisons & membership
11. not — logical NOT
12. and — logical AND
13. or — logical OR
14. if-else — conditional expression
15. lambda — lambda expression
16. := — assignment expression

result = 2 + 3 * 4 ** 2  # 2 + 3 * 16 == 50
print(result)

print(True or False and False)  # True