Table of Contents

• Part 1: CMD Fundamentals
  • Command Prompt Interface
  • Commands and Variables
  • Advanced Commands
  • Batch Processing Basics
  • Practical Solutions
• Part 2: Batch Scripting
  • Batch Processing Concepts
  • Essential Batch Commands
  • Working Examples

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Part 1: CMD Fundamentals

Command Prompt Interface

Accessing the command line:

* Win+R → type cmd → press Enter
* Start Menu → right-click Command Prompt → Run as administrator

Commands and Variables

Internal Commands

Built-in commands that are always available:

* dir → list directory contents
* cd → change directory
    - Tab key: auto-complete and cycle through filenames
* mkdir → create directory
* rmdir → remove directory
* shutdown → shutdown command (dash and forward slash work identically)
* Copy/paste in CMD: right-click title bar → Edit → Mark/Copy

External Commands

Located in C:\Windows\System32:

* notepad → text editor
* iexpress → executable bundler
* mspaint → graphics tool

Modifying External Commands

* Rename ping.exe to myping.exe to create a custom command

Adding Commands via Environment Variables

* Right-click This PC → Properties → Advanced System Settings → Environment Variables → edit PATH

Advanced Commands

Network-Related Commands

* ping → test network connectivity
    - -t → continuous ping, Ctrl+C to stop
* ipconfig → display IP configuration
    - /all → show detailed information
* netstat → view active connections
* pathping → route tracing utility

Account and Permission Commands

* net user <username> <password> /add → create new user
* net localgroup administrators <username> /add → add user to administrators group

Port and Service Management

* net start telnet → start telnet service
* Win+R → mstsc → Remote Desktop Connection (GUI-based)
* net user <username> /del → delete user

Additional Privilege Operations

* net localgroup "Remote Desktop Users" <username> /add → enable remote desktop access
* REG ADD HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Terminal" "Server /v fDenyTSConnections /t REG_DWORD /d 0 /f → enable RDP port 3389

Batch Processing Basics

What is Batch Processing?

Creating a batch file:

* Create new text file → rename with .bat or .cmd extension (avoid conflicts with existing commands)
* Add content: ping www.google.com
* Double-click to execute

Notes:

• .bat files run in both DOS and CMD
• .cmd files only run in CMD
• Right-click any batch file to edit its contents

Simple Script Examples

Registry modification for homepage change:

reg add "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main" /v "Start Page" /d "http://example.com" /f

Endless popup loop:

:loop
start cmd.exe
goto loop

File concatenation:

copy /b file1.txt+image.jpg output.jpg

File bundling:

iexpress

Practical Solutions

* netsh winsock reset → fixes auto-closing CMD window issue by resetting network adapter configuration
* net user administrator /active:yes → reactivate disabled built-in administrator account
* convert D:/FS:NTFS → convert FAT32 drive to NTFS without data loss

Fixing unformattable USB drives:

diskpart
list disk
select disk 3
clean

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Part 2: Batch Scripting

Batch Processing Concepts

Overview

Batch prcoessing automates the execution of multiple commands without user interaction. This approach is also known as workload automation and job scheduling.

A batch file is a text file ending in .bat or .cmd where each line contains a command executed by the command interpreter. Any text editor can create and modify these files.

Key Characteristics

• Efficiency: Automation eliminates manual intervention, reducing operatoinal costs and increasing processing speed. Organizations can prioritize data processing sequences as needed.
• Accuracy: Removing human involvement prevents errors, saving time and resources while delivering more reliable results.
• Simplicity: Once configured, batch files require no ongoing support or specialized software. The low barrier to entry makes this an accessible solution for many tasks.
• Offline Operation: Batch systems execute independently. Machines continue processing after hours, and administrators control timing to prevent system overload.

Essential Batch Commands

Syntax Rules

1. Batch files are simple programs using if, goto, and for constructs for flow control.
2. A batch file functions like a DOS external command—add its directory to PATH to run it from anywhere.
3. Case-insensitive (command identifiers ignore case).
4. File extensions: .bat or .cmd.
5. Execute by typing the filename at the command prompt or double-clicking the file.

System Variables

Variable	Value
%SystemRoot% or %windir%	C:\WINDOWS
%ProgramFiles%	C:\Program Files
%OS%	Windows_NT
%TEMP% or %TEM%	C:\DOCUME~1\ADMIN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp

Working Examples

Basic Batch File Structure

@echo off

:: Display current echo status
echo

:: Comments using rem
rem This is a comment

:: Prevent window from closing
pause

Displaying System Variables

@echo off

echo %SystemRoot%
echo %windir%
echo %OS%
echo %TEMP%

pause

Comprehensive Command Reference

@echo off

:: ===== HELP AND SET COMMANDS =====
:: Use /? for help on any command
:: type /? >> help.txt
:: help type

:: SET command: define, display, or remove variables
:: set myvar=hello
:: echo %myvar%
:: set /a result=5+3
:: echo %result%

:: ===== ECHO COMMAND =====
:: echo [on/off] → toggle command display
:: echo → show current echo setting
:: echo [message] → display text
:: echo Hello World

:: ===== GOTO COMMAND =====
:: goto label → jump to specified label
:: Labels are defined as :labelName
:retry
:: echo Insert disk and press any key...
:: goto retry

:: ===== PAUSE COMMAND =====
:: Pauses execution and shows "Press any key to continue..."
:: pause

:: ===== CALL COMMAND =====
:: Call another batch file without terminating parent
:: call secondary.bat
:: call "C:\Program Files\App\launcher.exe"
::
:: Use CALL for invoking batch files and waiting for completion.
:: Use START for launching external applications asynchronously.

:: ===== START COMMAND =====
:: Launch external programs
:: start another.bat
:: start "" "C:\Program Files\Tool\app.exe"

:: ===== COPY COMMAND =====
:: Copy files or directories
:: copy source.txt destination\

:: ===== IF CONDITIONAL =====
:: Execute commands based on conditions
:: Syntax: if [not] "string1" == "string2" command
set appPath=C:\MyApp
set config=default
set /a configNum=config
if %configNum% neq %config% (
    copy /Y "config.dll" "%appPath%\lib\config.dll"
)
:: %~dp0 automatically expands to the directory containing the batch file

:: ===== FOR LOOP =====
:: Iterate through ranges, files, or command output
:: Get serial ports from external tool
set appDir=C:\MyApp
for /f "delims=" %%p in ('"%appDir%\GetPorts.exe" 0') do set portList=%%p
echo %portList%

:: ===== VARIABLE OPERATIONS =====
:: /a → evaluate as arithmetic expression
:: /b → iterate folders only in current directory
:: /f → parse lines from files or command output
:: /d → inherit current environment in new window
set text=10+5
echo %text%
set /a calc=10+5
echo %calc%
set /P count=Enter quantity:

:: ===== CHOICE COMMAND =====
:: Prompt user for selection
:menu
choice /c YNC /m "Y=Yes, N=No, C=Cancel" /T 5 /D N
if errorlevel 3 goto QUIT
if errorlevel 2 goto DECLINE
if errorlevel 1 goto CONFIRM
:CONFIRM
echo You selected YES
goto done
:DECLINE
echo You selected NO
goto done
:QUIT
echo You selected CANCEL
:done

:: ===== TASKLIST COMMAND =====
:: List running processes
tasklist
:: Filter for specific process
tasklist | find /i "notepad.exe" || start notepad

pause

Handling Batch Parameters

@echo off

:: %0 → batch filename itself
:: %1 → first argument
:: %* → all arguments
echo First argument: %1
echo All arguments: %*

pause

Usage:

script.bat arg1 arg2 arg3