Freaks City

The naive dynamic programming approach for Hamiltonian path and circuit problems typically runs in O(n!) time, or O(2ⁿ n³) using standard bitmask DP. We will optimize this bitmask DP framework to achieve O(2ⁿ n) time complexity and O(2ⁿ) space complexity. The baseline bitmask DP uses the state dp[S][u][v], which denotes whether a path exists fr ...