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Arithmetic Opreators Basic mathematical operations in JavaScript include addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and modulus (%). console.log(5 + 3 * 2 / 1); // 11 let value = 15; console.log(value % 4); // 3 (remainder) console.log('text' - 5); // NaN (invalid operation) Assignment Operators Used to assign values to v ...

Variables and Constants Variables can be classified as global or local, each with distinct scopes and lifetimes. Scope Local Variable: Accessible only within the block where it is declared (e.g., inside {}). Global Variable: Accessible throughout the entire program. To use across files, declare with extern (e.g., extern int value;). Lifetime ...

Numeric Types Kotlin supports Java 8's underscore notation for numeric literals to improve readability: val million = 1_000_000 val creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456L Type Suffixes and Explicit Type Declaration To specify numeric types explicitly, use type annotations or suffixes: val floatValue: Float = 1 // Using type annotation v ...

Control structures dictate the sequence of statement execution within a program, enabling the construction of small logical units that perform specific functions. Sequential Structure: Statements execute line by line from top to bottom, without any conditional checks or jumps. Selection Structure: Executes a specific code block based on a give ...

The 'if' StatementBranching logic is fundamental to controlling program execution flow. In C, the if statement allows code to execute specific blocks based on whether a condition evaluates to true or false. C interprets any non-zero value as true, while zero represents false.Single and Multi-Branch StructuresA basic branch involves one conditio ...

Reading User Input Basics of Input The input() function captures keyboard entries. Store the returned value in a variable for later use. You can pass a string argument to input() to display a prompt message before the user types. user_alias = input("Who are you? ") print(f"I know you are {user_alias}") Handling Numeric Inpu ...

Basic Syntax First Program The class name must match the filename for a public class. public class GreetingApp { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello world"); } } Compile via terminal: javac GreetingApp.java Execute: java GreetingApp Comments Single-line: // comment Multi-line: /* comment ...

while repeatedly executes a block of code as long as its controlling expression evaluates to a truthy value. The moment the expression becomes falsy, execution continues with the statement immediately following the loop body. Syntax The general form is: while expression: statement(s) The expression is tested before every iteration. If it y ...

A while loop repeatedly executes a block of indented statements as long as its condition evaluates to true. Once the condition becomes false, execution proceeds beyond the loop. counter = 1 # Execute body while counter does not exceed 100 while counter <= 100: print('ok') counter += 1 # Both print and increment share indentation, con ...

While LoopsWhile loops in Python allow for repeated execution of code as long as a specified condition remains true.# Initialize countercounter = 1# Loop while condition is metwhile counter