Freaks City

Probabilistic Path Enumeration in Directed Acyclic Graphs Given a directed acyclic graph (DAG) consisting of $V$ vertices and $E$ edges, each edge $e_k$ possesses an independent activation probability $p_k$. The objective is to compute the expected number of functional paths originating from vertex $0$ and terminating at vertex $V-1$. A path is ...

A – Calendar Game Ignoring the year, the losing positions follow the pattern (month + day) % 2 == 1, except for the two special dates 9/30 and 11/30 which allow the next player to flip the parity. #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; int main() { ios::sync_with_stdio(false); cin.tie(nullptr); int t; cin >> t; ...

Array Algorithms Binary Search Fundamentals Binary search operates on sorted sequences with distinct elements. The algorithm halves the search space repeatedly until locating the target or exhausting the range. Critical Implementation Details: Midpoint Calculation: Use mid = lo + (hi - lo) // 2 instead of (lo + hi) // 2 to prevent integer ove ...

A stack is a linear data structure that restricts insertions and deletions to a single endpoint—referred to as the top—while the opposite fixed end is the bottom. When no elements are present, its an empty stack, and its fundamental behavior follows Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) semantics. Static Stack Using Contiguous Memory This implementation lev ...