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System Call: This is the most common method. A user-space program requests the kernel to perform a specific action through the system call interface (e.g., open, read, write, fork). System calls serve as the bridge between user-space and kernel-space, allowing user programs to request kernel services. Interrupts: Interrupts include soft interru ...

Modern operating system kernels rely fundamentally on interrupt-driven execution. Interrupts enable asynchronous event handling—such as hardware signals, exceptions, and system calls—without requiring constant polling or blocking waits. Interrupt Classification External Interrupts Maskable interrupts arrive via the INTR pin and can be disabled ...