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The Input/Output Memory Management Unit (IOMMU) is a hardware component that enables memory protection and address translation for Direct Memory Access (DMA) operations initiated by peripheral devices. By enforcing isolation between devices and system memory, the IOMMU enhances both security and performance. In Linux, IOMMU groups represent the ...

Modern operating system kernels rely fundamentally on interrupt-driven execution. Interrupts enable asynchronous event handling—such as hardware signals, exceptions, and system calls—without requiring constant polling or blocking waits. Interrupt Classification External Interrupts Maskable interrupts arrive via the INTR pin and can be disabled ...

SPI Core Concepts SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is a synchronous, full-duplex serial communication protocol originally developed by Motorola. It enables MCUs or MPUs to exchange data with peripherals such as flash memory, ADCs, network controllers, or other processors. Key attributes include high-speed operation, serial data transfer, and t ...