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A stack is a linear data structure that restricts insertion and deletion operations to one end—commonly referred to as the top. This constraint enforces a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) behavior: the most recently added element is the first to be removed. Core Terminology Top: The active end where all push and pop operations occur. Bottom: The fixed ...

Header File Inclusion #pragma once #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <assert.h> Data Type Defniition Using a type alias improves maintainability and simplifies type changes across the codebase: typedef int ElementDataType; Node Structure Definition typedef struct ListNode { ElementDataType value; stru ...

Given a singly linked list, determine weather it contains a cycle. Return true if a cycle exists; otherwise, return false. The solution must use O(1) auxiliary space. This problem is classically solved using Floyd’s Cycle Detection Algorrithm — also known as the "tortoise and hare" approach. Two pointers traverse the list at different ...

1. C Language Examples of Array Pointers, Pointer Arrays, Function Pointers, and Pointer Functions Pointer Array An array where each element is a pointer is called a pointer array. int *ptr_arr[10]; #include <stdio.h> int main() { int arr1[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; int arr2[] = {6, 7, 8, 9, 0}; int arr3[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; i ...

Intersection of Linked Lists Problem Link LeetCode 160 Problem Statement Given the heads of two singly linked lists, headA and headB, return the node at which the two lists intesrect. If there is no intersection, return nullptr. The linked lists must retain their original structure after the function returns. You are not allowed to modify th ...

The algorithm works in three phases: Duplicate each node and insert it immediately after its original Copy the random pointers from original nodes to their duplicates Separate the interleaved lists into original and copy C++ Implementation class LinkedListCloner { public: Node* cloneList(Node* head) { if (!head) return nullptr; ...

Reversing a Linnked List Problem: Given the head of a singly linked list, reverse the list and return the new head. Approach: Iterative Node Reversal To reverse a linked list iteratively, we can utilize three pointers: current, previous, and temporary. The current pointer traverses the list, while the previous pointer keeps track of the reverse ...

Funtcion Interface Definition typedef int ElementType; typedef struct _dnode { ElementType value; struct _dnode *previous; struct _dnode *next; } DNode; typedef DNode* DList; DList initializeList(); void appendNode(DList list, ElementType value); bool isEmpty(DList list); void forwardTraverse(DList list); void backwardTraverse(DL ...

Pairwise Node Swapping To swap adjacent nodes in pairs, we utilize a dummy node to simplify edge cases. The core idea involves manipulating pointers to reverse each pair while maintaining proper linkage with the rest of the list. A cursor pointer tracks the predecessor of each pair being processed. The termination condition varies based on whet ...

Algorithm Overview Split: Use slow-fast pointer technique to locate the midpoint and partition the list into two halves. Recurse: Apply the same sorting procedure recursively on both halves. Merge: Combine the two sorted sublists into a single sorted list using a linear-time merge step. Implementation class ListNode { int value; ListN ...