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STM32F103 GPIO Programming Fundamentals Overview In the previous article, we discussed the reset and clock configuration for the STM32F103C8T6 minimal system. At this point, the system clock (SYSCLK) has been configured to 72MHz through a 9x multiplication of the external 8MHz high-speed oscillator (HSE) using the PLL. With the minimal system ...

General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) pins typically operate with in a logic voltage range of 0 to 3.3V. While certain inputs may tolerate 5V, output stages are strictly limited to the 3.3V supply. To control higher-power devices such as motors or relays, an external driver circuit must be integrated between the MCU pin and the load. Hardware Arc ...

Communication Interfaces Communication interfaces enable data transfer between devices to expand hardware systems. Communication protocols define rules for data exchange between devices. Common communication interfaces include: USART: TX (transmit) and RX (receive) pins I2C: SCL (serial clock) and SDA (serial data) SPI: SCLK (serial clock), MO ...