Freaks City

Problem Statement Given a non-negative integer n where 0 ≤ n ≤ 2×10^9, compute the n-th term of the Fibonacci sequence modulo 10000. The sequence is defined as F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1, and F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2) for n > 1. The input consists of multiple test cases, each containing a single integer n. Processing terminates when n = -1. Algorithmic ...

Modular Division of Large Numbers This solution demonstrates how to perform division operations with large numbers under a specific modulus using Fermat's Little Theorem. The approach converts string representations of numbers into numerical arrays and applies modular arithmetic properties. #include <iostream> #include <cstdio> #inc ...

Wireless Network Coverage Optimization A city grid consists of 129 east-west streets and 129 north-south streets, forming intersections at integer coordinates (x, y) where 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 128. Some intersections host public venues, each with a known count of facilities. A single wireless transmitter must be placed such that its coverage area — an ax ...

Number Theory 1.1 Chinese Remainder Theorem Problem Statement Given a system of congruences: \[ \begin{cases} x \equiv a_1 \pmod{b_1} \\ x \equiv a_2 \pmod{b_2} \\ \vdots \\ x \equiv a_n \pmod{b_n} \end{cases} \] Find the smallest positive integer solution for \(x\), where \(b_i\) (for \(i \in [1,n]\)) are pairwise coprime. Theoretical Analy ...

Minimum Spanning Tree with Modular Edge Weights Prim's Algorithm Adaptation The classic Prim's algorithm builds a minimum spanning tree by starting from an initial vertex and repeatedly adding the minimum-weight edge connecting the tree to vertices outside it. For this problem, we adapt Prim's algorithm to handle edge weights computed as (a[i] ...

Lucas Theorem Mathematical Statement Given prime $p$, the following congruence holds: $$\binom{n}{m} \equiv \binom{\lfloor n/p \rfloor}{\lfloor m/p \rfloor} \cdot \binom{n \bmod p}{m \bmod p} \pmod{p}$$ Proof Foundation Lemma 1 For prime $p$: $$\binom{p}{k} \equiv 0 \pmod{p} \text{ when } 0 < k < p$$ The numerator contains factor $p$, mak ...