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Functions eliminate code duplication by packaging reusable logic into named blocks. Declare them using the def keyword followed by an identifier and parentheses. def greet(): print("Function executed") greet() Parameters make functiosn flexible by accepting external data. Define required and optional parameters within the parent ...

Python provides two primary approaches for implementing managed attributes: the @property decorator and the property() function. Both methods enable controlled access to instance attributes while maintaining clean syntax.Using the @property DecoratorThe @property decorator transforms methods into managed attributes, allowing you to define gette ...

Tuple Indexing Tuples support both forward and reverse indexing: data = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) print(data[0]) # Output: 10 print(data[-1]) # Output: 50 Nested tuples can be accessed using multiple indices: matrix = ((1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)) print(matrix[0][1]) # Output: 2 Iteration Iterate over sequences using while or for: values = (5, 10, 15 ...

Constructor Functions and Prototypes 1. Introduction In traditional OOP languages like Java, classes serve as templates for objects. Before ES6, JavaScript lacked class definitions, instead using constructor functions to create objects. 2. Constructor Functions Constructor functions initialize objects when used with the new keyword. Key charact ...