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PM2 provides an efficient solution for managing long-running processes and scheduled tasks, extending beyond its typical Node.js use case. It simplifies the orchestration of Python scripts by offering automatic restarts, log management, and cron-based scheduling. This approach eliminates the need to write custom logging modules for small script ...

Process A process represents an instance of a computer program being executed, serving as the fundamental unit for resource allocation and scheduling within an operating system. In modern computing architectures, a process acts as a container for one or more threads. The Process class models a process object. Creating a child process involves p ...

Process Priority Mechanics In the Linux kernel, process metadata is stored within a structure known as task_struct. One critical field within this structure is the priority value, which dictates the sequence in which processes access CPU resources. Unlike permission bits, which determine whether a resource can be accessed, priority dictates the ...

Process Creation with fork()The fork() system call is the primary mechanism for creating new processes in Linux. Defined in <unistd.h>, it creates an exact duplicate of the calling process.Return Values and Process BranchingUpon successful execution, fork() returns twice: once in the parent process with the child's Process ID (PID), and o ...

The Cluster Module Since the Node.js runtime operates on a single thread, handling high-concurrency traffic requires strategies to maximize hardware utilization. The cluster module allows a Node.js application to spawn multiple child processes (workers) that share the same server port. This enables the application to distribute incoming connect ...

In the Linux kernel, the current macro provides a convenient way to access the task_struct instance representing the currently executing process or thread on a given CPU. This mechanism is essential for kernel code that needs to inspect or modify attributes of the running task. The task_struct is a central data structure in the kernel, encapsul ...

Handling Standard Signals #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <signal.h> void signal_handler(int sig_num) { if (sig_num == SIGINT) { printf("Ctrl+C signal received\n"); } } int main(void) { // Set SIGINT to be ignored if (signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN) == SIG_E ...

Evolving Operating Systems and Multiprogramming Early computing environments relied on punch cards, where a single machine handled one card at a time. This sequential approach resulted in severely underutilized central processing units. To address inefficiency, batch processing systems were introduced. These automated job handling by grouping t ...

Prerequisites for Understanding Processes Von Neumann Architecture Most modern computers, from laptops to servers, follow the Von Neumann architecture. This fundamental hardware structure defines how components interact within a computing system. Key components include: Input devices: keyboards, disks, network cards, graphics cards, microphone ...

In Linux, there are several ways to execute commands that continue running even after you close your terminal session: Background execution with &: The ampersand symbol allows a command to run in the background. However, if you close your terminal (like Xshell), the process will terminate. nohup command: This allows a command to keep runni ...