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Memory Layout and Page Table Management Hardware Device Mapping Hardware devices like UART0 (0x10000000L), VIRTIO0, CLINT, and PLIC have fixed physical addresses and interrupt numbers defined by hardware design. The kernel uses these addresses to communicate with devices, initialize registers, and handle interrupts. Kernel Loading and Execution ...

When a program executes, the memory addresses it works with are not physcial hardware locations. This distinction becomes clear through the behavior of fork(). Consider the following demonstration. A global integer is initialized, and then a new process is created: #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> in ...