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Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Overview PWM is a technique used to simulate analog signal levels by modulating the width of digital pulses. In control applications, such as motor speed regulation, the duty cycle dictates the average power delivered to the load. By rapidly swithcing the output state, the system effectively manages the average volt ...

KEIL Configuration System Reset Implementation __set_FAULTMASK(1); NVIC_SystemReset(); Crystal Oscillator Configuration In the stm32f10x.h file, modify the system clock setup: static void ConfigureSystemClockTo72MHz(void) { __IO uint32_t startupCounter = 0, hseStatus = 0; /*!< Enable the High Speed External oscillator (HSE) */ ...

GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) GPIO pins are versatile pins on microcontrollers that can be configured as either inputs or outputs to interface with various electronic components. GPIO Configuration Modes Floating Input: The pin is left unconnected, which can lead to unpredictable states due to noise. Not recommended for practical applica ...

Periodic Voltage Sampling ADC voltage sampling is triggered every 100ms via timer interrutp: void HAL_TIM_PeriodElapsedCallback(TIM_HandleTypeDef *htim) { if(htim->Instance == TIM1) { read_adc_voltage(); } } ADC configuration is omitted here, the sampling function witth averaging filtering is implemented as follows: uint32_t adc_sample ...

The internal flash memory integrated into STM32 microcontrollers provides non-volatile storage for both executable code and user data. While reading from this memory is as straightforward as dereferencing a pointer, modifying its contents requires strict adherence to hardware protection mechanisms. Write and erase cycles must be guarded by unlo ...

Time Fundamentals Unix Timestamps A Unix timestamp is the total number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 UTC on January 1, 1970, ignoring leap seconds. It is stored as a 32-bit or 64-bit integer. All time zones use the same timestamp value, with local time calculated by adding a timezone offset. UTC/GMT GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) is a timekeepin ...